Why instruct a surveyor?
There is no general obligation on a seller to highlight or disclose to a prospective buyer defects or problems with a property.
It is a case of buyer beware or ‘caveat emptor’. This means that it is up to the buyer to make whatever enquiries they want in order to satisfy themselves as to the condition of the property they are buying.
Therefore when buying property, a prudent purchaser should always consider instructing a surveyor to provide a report on its condition.
Large v Hart [2021] EWCA Civ 24
But what happens when the surveyor gets it wrong?
This was the issue in a recent Court of Appeal case called Large v Hart [2021] EWCA Civ 24. In this case, Mr Large was a surveyor who provided a HomeBuyer’s report to the Harts in respect of a property that they intended to purchase.
The property itself had been extensively rebuilt and extended prior to the Harts’ purchase and there were some concerns about whether or not those building works were up to standard.
Eventually, as a result of those building works being so poorly undertaken, the only thing which could be done was to demolish and rebuild the property, for which the Harts had paid £1.2m.
Why was the property survey so poor?
A primary issue which arose was that the surveyor had made assumptions about the presence of certain features, specifically that there was adequate damp proofing.
However, the surveyor had been unable to inspect this, as the property was rendered in such a way that it was not possible to tell whether or not damp proof membranes were present. Further, in some places where a membrane should have been visible, it was not.
Inability to survey and resulting diminution in value
At trial, the judge found that the surveyor should have highlighted the fact that there were no damp proof membranes in the places where he was able to inspect and that he should have advised the Harts to undertake further investigation.
Critically, the Court also held that the surveyor should have expressly advised his client to take steps to obtain a Professional Consultancy Certificate (PCC), which is appropriate when a property is built without the benefit of a National Home Building Council (NHBC) scheme as it gives recourse to the builders, and not to proceed without this.
The surveyor was therefore found to be negligent and ordered pay damages based on diminution in value. This is the usual method for assessing damages in surveyor negligence cases.
This is well established and has been since the case of Watts v Morrow [1991] 1 WLR 1421.
What is diminution in value?
Diminution in value is the difference in value between what the aggrieved purchaser paid for the property and what it was worth with the defects complained of.
It may not be the same as the cost of repairing the defects.
The surveyor’s appeal against the decision
The issue which arose in Large v Hart [2021] and which was the subject of the appeal was that the surveyor argued that he should only be liable for any diminution in value caused by the defects which he should have reported on and didn’t, not the diminution in value of the whole property, which included all other defects with the property.
Put another way, should the surveyor be held liable for the difference in value of the property as a whole or only for the difference in value which related to defects which he should have highlighted to the buyers?
It is a principle of the law of damages that a person can only be held liable for the loss that they cause.
Lawyers refer to this as “causation” and of course the surveyor could not be to blame for other defects with the property which he was either not instructed to investigate, reported to the buyers correctly on, or were known.
The Court’s decision
On appeal, it was held that the basis of assessing the damages to include all of the defects was correct. The surveyor’s appeal was therefore dismissed.
The Court decided that the purchasers would not have proceeded with the purchase at all, had the correct advice been given by the surveyor.
In particular, the surveyor should have expressly told the Harts to take steps to obtain a PCC. This would have either resulted in one being obtained or not, in which case the only recommendation would have been not to proceed with the purchase.
Therefore the Court held that the surveyor should be held liable for the consequences that followed and be liable for the whole loss suffered by the Harts.
This is also notwithstanding that the surveyor argued that the Harts’ solicitors should have advised them to obtain a PCC and this was their responsibility, rather than his.
What does this mean for professionals?
The wider significance of this case is that it potentially builds upon previous case law in blurring a relatively well-established distinction between “advice” and “information” cases.
Put in the simplest of terms, an “advice” case is a negligence case where a professional is instructed to provide advice on whether or not to proceed with a transaction. An “information case” is a negligence case where the professional is instructed to provide information only in relation to aspects of the transaction and not the transaction as a whole.
The practical effect of this distinction is that if a professional is found to be providing advice in relation to the transaction as a whole, and that advice is wrong, they can potentially be held liable for more of the financial consequences which follow for the client, normally because the client would not have proceeded.
In an information case, where the professional is providing specific input only on elements of the transaction, the professional’s liability would only extend to the loss caused given in relation to that specific information.
Lord Justice Coulson’s judgment
At paragraph 66 of Lord Justice Coulson’s judgment, he specifically stated that:
Whether or not this paves the way for further “hybrid” cases in the future remains to be seen.
Implications for future professional negligence cases
What has not changed, is that the Court looked at the nature of the professional’s instructions and what, in essence, the professional was advising or providing information on (paragraph 29 of Lord Justice Coulson’s judgment).
This may give scope to argue that limitations in the professional’s retainer are of no real effect, particularly if expressly pointed out (paragraph 81 of the Judgment).
It is arguably reasonable to assume that a professional can consider the advice and information to be provided in the wider context of the transaction and the consequences for their client if the advice and information provided is wrong.
If the professional providing advice or information is unsure of the importance of the advice sought, they are well advised to clarify this with their client.
Legal help for surveyors and surveyors’ clients
Cunningtons LLP advises both professionals and their clients in respect of allegations of professional negligence, including allegations of surveyor negligence.
Hi there,
We have had a full home survey(the more expensive version) on a house we bought 15 months ago.
The report states that the roof is fully felted, but only a third is felted. The roof is also leaking at various points, this was not noted. They had access to the roof and eves as it is converted.
Can we take any action on this? We may need to replace the whole roof, and get it felted.
Thank you for your comment.
The price or description of a particular survey is unlikely to be relevant to matters. What is important is the scope of the surveyor’s retainer. A professional’s retainer is what the professional agrees to do for the customer/client and is normally set out in terms and conditions. Often surveyors limit the scope of their liability to just that which is visible at the time of inspection and does not require an invasive inspection. Whether or not you have a negligence claim against your surveyor will depend on whether or not it can be said that a reasonably competent surveyor, in the same position and with the same information as your surveyor, would have advised in the same way.
Put another way, professionals are “allowed” to make mistakes. Errors in themselves are not automatically negligent. What is important is whether or not the surveyor has provided their services with the reasonable skill and care required of a suitably qualified and reasonably competent surveyor.
It is also necessary to consider what your financial loss is. This is normally based on diminution in value, which is the difference between what the property was worth with and without the defect in question.
Do feel free to get in touch if you would like to consider the matter in more detail.